Head and neck cancers comprise a group of cancers that arise in the mucosal linings of the head and neck, most commonly in the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), nasal cavity, sinuses, and salivary glands.

• The majority (over 90%) are squamous cell carcinomas, originating from flat cells lining these mucosal surfaces.

• Although less prevalent, cancers can also develop in the salivary glands.

• Tobacco (both smoking and non-smoking) use is the most important risk factor for head and neck cancers. Alcohol is also an important risk factor and works synergistically with tobacco to increase cancer risk. 

• HPV infection, especially type 16, significantly increases the risk of oropharyngeal cancer and is on the rise. The burden of HPV related cancers is rising.

• Environmental exposures—like asbestos, wood dust, chemicals, and updates from regional habits such as betel nut chewing—also contribute.

• Globally, head and neck cancers account for roughly 6% of all cancer cases, translating to an estimated 650,000 new diagnoses annually.

• In India, they represent a heavier burden—about 30% of all cancers—with more than 200,000 new cases every year, many of which are detected at advanced stages.